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Alvar

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the landform. For other uses, see <a href="Alvar_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Alvar (disambiguation)">Alvar (disambiguation)</a>.</div>

An alvar is a biological environment based on a <a href="Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a> <a href="Plain" title="Plain">plain</a> with thin or no soil and, as a result, sparse grassland vegetation. Often flooded in the spring, and affected by drought in midsummer, alvars support a distinctive group of prairie-like plants.<a href="#cite_note-Keddy_2007-1">[1]</a> Most alvars occur either in northern Europe<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> or around the <a href="Great_Lakes_region" title="Great Lakes region">Great Lakes</a> in North America.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> This stressed habitat supports a community of <a href="Rare_species" title="Rare species">rare</a> plants and animals, including species more commonly found on <a href="Prairie" title="Prairie">prairie</a> <a href="Grassland" title="Grassland">grasslands</a>. <a href="Lichen" title="Lichen">Lichen</a> and <a href="Moss" title="Moss">mosses</a> are common species. Trees and bushes are absent or severely stunted.

The primary cause of alvars is the shallow exposed bedrock. Flooding and drought, as noted, add to the stress of the site and prevent many species from growing.<a href="#cite_note-Keddy_2007-1">[1]</a> Disturbance may also play a role. In Europe, grazing is frequent, while in North America, there is some evidence that fire may also prevent encroachment by forest.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> The habitat also has strong competition gradients, with better competitors occupying the deeper soil and excluding other species to less productive locations.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> Crevices in the limestone provide a distinctive habitat which is somewhat protected from grazing, and which may provide habitat for unusual ferns such as <a href="Pellaea_atropurpurea" title="Pellaea atropurpurea">Pellaea atropurpurea</a>. Bare rock flats provide areas with extremely low competition that serve as refugia for weak competitors such as the <a href="Sandwort" title="Sandwort">sandwort</a> Minuartia michauxii and <a href="Micranthes_virginiensis" title="Micranthes virginiensis">Micranthes virginiensis</a>. In a representative set of four Ontario alvars, seven habitat types were described. From deep to shallow soil these were: tall grassy meadows, tall <a href="Forb" title="Forb">forb</a>-rich meadows, low grassy meadows, low forb-rich meadows, dry grassland, rock margin grassland and bare rock flats.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a>

Alvars comprise a small percentage of the Earth's <a href="Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">ecosystems</a> by land extent. Although some 120 exist in the North American Great Lakes region, in total there are only about 43 sq mi (110 km2) left across the entire Great Lakes basin, and many of these have been degraded by agriculture and other human uses. More than half of all remaining alvars occur in Ontario. There are smaller areas in New York, Michigan, Ohio, Wisconsin and Quebec.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a>

In <a href="North_America" title="North America">North America</a>, alvars provide habitat for birds such as <a href="Bobolink" title="Bobolink">bobolinks</a>, <a href="Eastern_meadowlark" title="Eastern meadowlark">eastern meadowlarks</a>, <a href="Upland_sandpiper" title="Upland sandpiper">upland sandpipers</a>, <a href="Eastern_towhee" title="Eastern towhee">eastern towhees</a>, <a href="Brown_thrasher" title="Brown thrasher">brown thrashers</a> and <a href="Loggerhead_shrike" title="Loggerhead shrike">loggerhead shrikes</a> whose habitat is declining elsewhere. <a href="Rare_species" title="Rare species">Rare plants</a> include <a href="Lobelia_kalmii" title="Lobelia kalmii">Kalm's lobelia (Lobelia kalmii)</a>, <a href="Symphyotrichum_pilosum" title="Symphyotrichum pilosum">Pringle's aster (Symphyotrichum pilosum var. pringlei)</a>, juniper sedge (<a href="Carex_juniperorum" title="Carex juniperorum">Carex juniperorum</a>), lakeside daisy (<a href="Hymenoxys_acaulis" class="mw-redirect" title="Hymenoxys acaulis">Hymenoxys acaulis</a>), <a href="Cypripedium_arietinum" title="Cypripedium arietinum">ram's-head lady's-slipper (Cypripedium arietinum)</a>, and <a href="Iris_lacustris" title="Iris lacustris">dwarf lake iris (Iris lacustris)</a>. Also associated with alvars are rare <a href="Butterfly" title="Butterfly">butterflies</a> and <a href="Snail" title="Snail">snails</a>.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> The use of the word "alvar" to refer to this type of environment originated in <a href="Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> The largest alvar in Europe is located on the Swedish island of <a href="%C3%96land" title="Öland">Öland</a>. Here the thin soil mantle is only 0.5 to 2.0 centimeters thick in most places and in many extents consists of exposed limestone slabs.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> The landscape there has been designated a <a href="UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> <a href="World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a>. There are other more local names for similar landforms, such as a pavement barren, although this term is also used for similar <a href="Landform" title="Landform">landforms</a> based on <a href="Sandstone" title="Sandstone">sandstone</a>.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> In the United Kingdom the exposed landform is called a <a href="Limestone_pavement" title="Limestone pavement">limestone pavement</a> and thinly covered limestone is known as <a href="Calcareous_grassland" title="Calcareous grassland">calcareous grassland</a>.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="European_alvar_locations">European alvar locations</h2></div>

<ul><li><a href="Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>

<ul><li><a href="%C3%96land" title="Öland">Öland</a> – <a href="Stora_Alvaret" title="Stora Alvaret">Stora Alvaret</a> – largest alvar extent in Europe</li>

<li><a href="Gotland" title="Gotland">Gotland</a></li>

<li><a href="V%C3%A4sterg%C3%B6tland" title="Västergötland">Västergötland</a> – several locations on limestone mountain <a href="Kinnekulle" title="Kinnekulle">Kinnekulle</a>, smaller fragments on <a href="Falbygden" title="Falbygden">Falbygden</a>, e.g. in Dala and Högstena parishes</li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a>

<ul><li>Alvars are distributed along the whole northern coast of Estonia from approx. the town of <a href="Paldiski" title="Paldiski">Paldiski</a> to <a href="Sillam%C3%A4e" title="Sillamäe">Sillamäe</a>, wherever limestone comes to the surface near the seashore (see <a href="Baltic_Klint" title="Baltic Klint">Baltic Klint</a>), as well as on the islands of the <a href="West_Estonian_archipelago" title="West Estonian archipelago">West Estonian archipelago</a>. Estonia used to be home to approximately one third of the world's alvars; however, the total area of alvars has decreased from 43,000 <a href="Hectare" title="Hectare">hectares</a> in the 1930s to 12,000 hectares in 2000, and approximately 9,000 hectares in 2010.<a href="#cite_note-sümbolmaastik-13">[13]</a> Estonian alvars are home to 267 <a href="Species" title="Species">species</a> of <a href="Vascular_plant" title="Vascular plant">vascular plants</a>, approximately one fifth of which are protected. There are also 142 species of <a href="Bryophyte" title="Bryophyte">bryophytes</a> and 263 species of <a href="Lichen" title="Lichen">lichens</a>.<a href="#cite_note-sümbolmaastik-13">[13]</a> The <a href="Government_of_the_Republic_of_Estonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of the Republic of Estonia">Estonian government</a> has committed itself to protect at least 9,800 hectares of the country's alvars as part of the <a href="Natura_2000" title="Natura 2000">Natura 2000</a> network.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> The <a href="Loopealse" title="Loopealse">Loopealse</a> subdistrict of <a href="Tallinn" title="Tallinn">Tallinn</a> is named after alvar.</li>

<li><a href="Vardi_Nature_Reserve" title="Vardi Nature Reserve">Vardi Nature Reserve</a> in <a href="Rapla_County" title="Rapla County">Rapla County</a> is an Estonian nature reserve especially designated to protect one of the more representative alvar areas of Estonia.</li></ul></li>

<li><a href="England" title="England">England</a>

<ul><li><a href="Cumbria" title="Cumbria">Cumbria</a> and North <a href="Yorkshire" title="Yorkshire">Yorkshire</a> – under protection in the UK <a href="Biodiversity_Action_Plan" class="mw-redirect" title="Biodiversity Action Plan">Biodiversity Action Plan</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a>

<ul><li><a href="The_Burren" title="The Burren">The Burren</a>, a large alvar in northwest <a href="County_Clare" title="County Clare">County Clare</a></li></ul></li></ul>

<div class="gallerytext">Sarve alvar in <a href="Hiiumaa" title="Hiiumaa">Hiiumaa</a> island</div>

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<div class="gallerytext">Alvar in <a href="V%C3%A4ike-Pakri" class="mw-redirect" title="Väike-Pakri">Väike-Pakri</a> island</div>

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<div class="gallerytext">Sparse vegetation, <a href="Kinnekulle" title="Kinnekulle">Kinnekulle</a>, <a href="Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></div>

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<div class="gallerytext">Limestone pavement at <a href="Malham_Cove" title="Malham Cove">Malham Cove</a>, UK</div>

</li>

</ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Some_North_American_alvar_locations">Some North American alvar locations</h2></div>

<ul><li>The rare Charitable Research Reserve – <a href="Cambridge%2C_Ontario" title="Cambridge, Ontario">Cambridge</a>, <a href="Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="Kelley's_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Kelley's Island">Kelley's Island</a>, <a href="Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a> – North Shore Alvar State Nature Preserve<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a></li>

<li><a href="Marblehead%2C_Ohio" title="Marblehead, Ohio">Marblehead, Ohio</a> – mostly destroyed by limestone quarrying</li>

<li><a href="Pelee_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Pelee Island">Pelee Island</a>, <a href="Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a> – Stone Road Alvar Nature Reserve<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Lake_Huron" title="Lake Huron">Lake Huron</a>

<ul><li>Maxton Plains Proposed Natural Area, <a href="Drummond_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Drummond Island">Drummond Island</a>, <a href="Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a></li>

<li>Belanger Bay Alvar, <a href="Manitoulin_Island" title="Manitoulin Island">Manitoulin Island</a>, Ontario<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a></li>

<li>Quarry Bay Nature Reserve, Manitoulin Island, Ontario<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a></li>

<li>Bruce Alvar Nature Reserve, <a href="Bruce_Peninsula" title="Bruce Peninsula">Bruce Peninsula</a>, Ontario<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a></li>

<li>Baptise Harbour Nature Reserve, Bruce Peninsula, Ontario<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a></li>

<li><a href="Misery_Bay" class="mw-redirect" title="Misery Bay">Misery Bay</a> Provincial Park, Manitoulin Island, Ontario<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Lake_Michigan" title="Lake Michigan">Lake Michigan</a>

<ul><li>Red Banks Alvar, <a href="Red_Banks%2C_Brown_County%2C_Wisconsin" title="Red Banks, Brown County, Wisconsin">Red Banks, Brown County, Wisconsin</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Lake_Ontario" title="Lake Ontario">Lake Ontario</a>

<ul><li>Carden Plain Alvar, City of Kawartha Lakes, Ontario, including <a href="Carden_Alvar_Provincial_Park" title="Carden Alvar Provincial Park">Carden Alvar Provincial Park</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a></li>

<li>Chaumont Barrens Preserve, New York<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a></li>

<li>Three Mile Creek Barrens, New York</li>

<li><a href="Burnt_Lands_alvar" title="Burnt Lands alvar">Burnt Lands Alvar</a>, <a href="Almonte%2C_Ontario" title="Almonte, Ontario">Almonte</a>, Ontario</li>

<li><a href="Balsam_Lake_(Ontario)" title="Balsam Lake (Ontario)">Balsam Lake</a> Indian Point Provincial Park, Ontario<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a>

<ul><li><a href="Quyon%2C_Quebec" class="mw-redirect" title="Quyon, Quebec">Quyon</a></li>

<li>Alvar d'<a href="Aylmer%2C_Quebec" title="Aylmer, Quebec">Aylmer</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Manitoba" title="Manitoba">Manitoba</a>

<ul><li><a href="Interlake_Region" title="Interlake Region">Interlake</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a></li></ul></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Calcareous_grassland" title="Calcareous grassland">Calcareous grassland</a> – Ecosystem associated with thin basic soil</li>

<li><a href="Chalk_heath" title="Chalk heath">Chalk heath</a></li>

<li><a href="Edaphic" class="mw-redirect" title="Edaphic">Edaphic</a> – Science concerned with the influence of soils on living beingsPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</li>

<li><a href="Gypcrust" title="Gypcrust">Gypcrust</a> – Hardened layer of soil with a high percentage of gypsum</li>

<li><a href="Gypsum_flora_of_Nova_Scotia" title="Gypsum flora of Nova Scotia">Gypsum flora of Nova Scotia</a> – Group of plants in Nova Scotia, Canada</li>

<li><a href="Rendzina" title="Rendzina">Rendzina</a> – Humus-rich shallow soil type</li>

<li><a href="Barren_vegetation" title="Barren vegetation">Barren vegetation</a> – Area of land where plant growth may be limited</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFPetterson1965" class="citation journal cs1">Petterson, B. (1965). "Gotland and Öland: two limestone islands compared". Acta Phytogeographic Suecica. 50: 131–140.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFCatlingBrownell1998" class="citation journal cs1">Catling, P. M.; Brownell, V.R. (1998). "Importance of fire in alvar ecosystems – evidence from the Burnt Lands, Eastern Ontario". The Canadian Field-Naturalist. 112: 661–667.</cite>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

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